Preparation of a comparative study focused on the continuities and new nuances of inequalities in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean
CALL FOR PROPOSALS
Information for Applicants
The deadline for submission of proposals is 6 October 2024.
Introduction
The partnership between the countries of the European Union (EU), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is derived from various historical, political, economic, social and cultural links, and is based on shared interests, values and aspirations among their societies, such as the construction of sustainable and inclusive development. Over the years, the two regions have progressively built a relationship that promotes mutual respect and open dialogue. In 1999, the bi-regional strategic partnership was established, providing a consensual and evolving framework for political dialogue and cooperation in specific areas of mutual interest. On this basis, the European Union – Latin America and the Caribbean International Foundation (EU-LAC Foundation) was created in 2010 by decision of the Heads of State and Government and has been operating since 2011 in Hamburg, Germany, as an instrument to promote the bi-regional partnership. Comprising the 60 countries of the European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean, in addition to the European Union itself, for a total of 61 members, the EU-LAC Foundation became, in May 2019, an international intergovernmental organisation, whose mandate focuses mainly on:
- contributing to the strengthening and visibility of the bi-regional partnership between the European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean;
- stimulating the generation of relevant contributions to the bi-regional agenda;
- fostering mutual knowledge between regions.
All of this on the basis of exchanges, dialogues, and analyses involving governmental institutions, international organisations, and civil society actors, understood in a broad sense.
The Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) is an international non-governmental institution with associative status at UNESCO, created in 1967. It currently brings together more than 806 research and postgraduate centres in the field of social sciences and humanities in 56 countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe and other continents. CLACSO also has working alliances with more than 30 regional and international networks, which has allowed it to develop capacities for the management and administration of projects on a regional and international scale in a highly efficient manner, and to communicate its results with a high degree of impact and social capillarity.
One of the innovative initiatives promoted by CLACSO are the Platforms for Social Dialogue (PDS) that promote multi-stakeholder exchanges between academic communities, civil society organisations and governments to co-produce knowledge and train in capacities that recognise the power of social activism and influence both public policies and the transformation of the realities of the most vulnerable communities and territories.
The purposes of the PSDs are:
- To produce evidence-based knowledge at a comparative and regional level from the synergic articulation of academic networks, movements, institutions and groups committed to addressing related issues;
- To train skills to enhance the capacities of social activism, promote research and the generation of critical and situated knowledge, especially in the fields of public policy and civil society, with a leading role for groups living in situations of poverty and discrimination;
- Promote and deepen exchanges between social movements, academic networks and public policy referents oriented towards the development of joint action programmes;
- To develop communication and advocacy campaigns, designed to mobilise and impact public opinion, with a special emphasis on the visibility of the situations faced by the most vulnerable groups.
In line with their institutional missions and considering that one of the priorities of the states within the bi-regional partnership between the European Union, Latin America, and the Caribbean is to move towards a fairer and more equitable recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic, and to return to the path of the Sustainable Development Goals while addressing existing challenges, the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO announce this call for researchers from both regions, welcoming proposals for a comparative study focusing on the continuities and new nuances of inequalities in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
- Trends in inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean and European Union countries
Humanity is currently facing existential risks and scenarios of great uncertainty, yet neither the global governance architecture nor the multilateral financial institutions seem up to the task of comprehensively addressing the climate crisis, armed conflicts, displacement, food and energy insecurity and the adverse effects of new digital technologies. In addition, several countries continue to recover from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, which has contributed to widening development gaps.
According to the latest Sustainable Development Report[1] published by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), none of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are on track to be achieved by 2030 and only 16% of the targets are estimated to be sufficiently advanced. The pace of progress on the SDGs varies significantly between different groups of countries. The European Commissioner for International Partnerships, Jutta Urpilainen, noted at the beginning of 2024 that only 10% of countries are on track to achieve SDG 10 on combating inequality, and no country is on track to achieve SDG 5 on gender equality[2]. Brazil, which chairs the G20 in 2024, has placed reducing inequality, in all its dimensions, at the top of the agenda: “According to President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, if we had to sum up today’s global challenges in one word, it would be inequality. Inequality is both the root cause of several of the crises we are facing and a major factor contributing to aggravating them[3].
Inequality is a complex concept to define; its multiple dimensions have been addressed by various scientific disciplines – from economic, political, social sciences and the humanities, to environmental, legal and public health sciences, among others. The approaches, categories and criteria for measuring and analysing inequalities are socially constructed by institutions and actors based on research questions and the phenomena they seek to explain, as well as everyday practices and experiences; what is invisible in indicators such as the Gini coefficient can be revealed, for example, through the Human Development Index, or through ethnographic, geographic, historical studies, etc. Each of these approaches contributes important aspects to the debate and can guide the formulation of public policies and international cooperation programmes.
The studies published after the pandemic, both quantitative and qualitative, show that some of the inequality gaps have been exacerbated after this global health crisis, causing setbacks in such important dimensions of development as, for example, the field of education or gender equality. At the same time, recent research points to the fact that we are facing new trends and shades of inequality arising from different crises, with overlapping and mutually reinforcing dimensions, and which require particular attention.
In the LAC region, significant efforts have been made in economic recovery after the pandemic, with an increase in employment and household incomes[4], although this trend has not been the same in all countries. Inflation has worsened social conditions, especially for the least advantaged strata, and the 2030 Agenda targets are estimated to be off track by 32%[5]. Inequality in income distribution, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was 0.45 in 2022; 29% of the population still lives in poverty and 11.2% in extreme poverty[6]. More generally, in LAC the average income of the richest 10% is 12 times higher than that of the poorest 10%, while average for developed countries in the OECD is 4 times this amount. In Colombia, Chile and Uruguay, 1% of the population controls between 37% and 40% of the wealth, while the poorest half has only a tenth of it at its disposal[7].
On the European side, in 2022 the Gini coefficient exceeded the EU average in 11 Member States, reaching its highest level in Bulgaria (38.4), Lithuania (36.2) and Latvia (34.3), while it was most equal in Slovakia (21.2), Slovenia (23.1), the Czech Republic (24.8) and Belgium (24.9) [8]. Also, 95.3 million people (21.6 % of the EU population) were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Among households with dependent children, more than one fifth (22.4 %) were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, with Romania (36.0 %), Bulgaria (30.7 %) and Spain (29.2 %) recording the highest rates, and Denmark (11.7 %), the Czech Republic (11.3 %) and Slovenia (8.9 %) the lowest[9].
There is no doubt that labour informality is another constant in the inequality studies, with the average rate in LAC standing at 48.7% by 2022, with Bolivia and Peru being particularly vulnerable and Uruguay, Chile or Costa Rica some of the countries with the highest rates of job formality[10]. With the pandemic, the strong association between rurality and informality in Latin American countries also intensified[11].
For example, in Mexico the informality rate is concentrated in the southern states, being much higher in localities of less than 2,500 inhabitants (78%), mostly rural and indigenous. In indigenous municipalities the likelihood of having few financial resources exponentially increases – a generalisable feature in Latin America. Moreover, recent figures show that 1 in 4 Latin American city dwellers live in vulnerable neighbourhoods (24% of the population). Currently, 34% of households in Latin America and the Caribbean rely on bottled water, and 41% of those with access to piped water report insufficient drinking water[12]. Comparatively, according to Eurostat data, in 2022, 17% of people in the EU lived in overcrowded households, with Latvia (41.7%) and Cyprus (2.2%) marking the extremes, respectively. Furthermore, in 2022, 9.3% of the EU population could not keep their homes adequately warm, with Greece (18.7%), Cyprus (19.2%) and Bulgaria (22.5%) among the highest percentages[13].
During the pandemic, female labour participation declined by more than a decade, with a higher proportion of women than men returning to traditional gender roles within households, families and care work, as well as higher levels of job informality, food insecurity and malnutrition[14]. Similarly, the profile most affected by poverty in the EU is made up of women, young people aged 18-24, the poorly educated and the unemployed[15]. In this regard, current studies are investigating how to improve the targeting of aid and social protection policies that the pandemic proved ineffective in reaching the most vulnerable. For example, the burden of the care economy falls largely on women[16], who perform unpaid work and bear a greater direct and indirect tax burden. We can also highlight the growing literature on migration and inequality, which incorporates the profile of migrant women as a major part of the professional or informal care workforce. Recent studies have also shown an increase in xenophobia linked to migrant populations[17].
Some of the studies continue to highlight the important impact that ethnicity (or identification with an ethnic group) has on a person’s opportunities[18]. For example, socio-economic inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean indicates that Afro-descendant or indigenous populations suffer educational, income and occupational disadvantages. For its part, Europe also incorporates this dynamic in ethnic groups, such as the Roma[19], as well as studies on migrant[20] and refuge[21] populations.
One of the issues of greatest concern in the post-pandemic literature is the generation of students whose studies were interrupted by remote learning for two full academic years. This has led to an increased gap in skills acquisition, a loss of learning opportunities and an increased risk of dropping out of school[22]. A study[23] analysing the situation in 196 countries estimated that there was a loss of 19.010 million instructional days per person and an increase of 10.75 million children lagging behind in their development. In LAC, three out of four 15-year-olds have failed to demonstrate fundamental maths skills, and more than half have not achieved reading levels, according to a recent report by the IDB and the World Bank[24].
In educational terms, LAC workers have lower reading and mathematics skills than the average OECD member population. More than a third of the adult population (35.2%) in Latin America has little or no ICT experience[25]. In the EU, educational attainment significantly influences the risk of poverty: 34.5% of people with low educational attainment are affected, compared to 10.5% with tertiary education. Also, 65.2% of the unemployed and 42.9% of the inactive (non-retired) are at risk, compared to 19.1% of the retired population and 11.1% of the employed[26].
On the other hand, according to an ECLAC report, the LAC region is experiencing an accelerated ageing process, in an environment of low social protection (many countries with non-contributory pensions), and it is estimated that people aged 60 and over will represent 16.5% in 2030[27]. In Europe, ageing has been even more accentuated; 21.3% of the population is aged 65 and over (2023 data) [28]. The number of people requiring long-term care services is estimated to increase from 30.8 million in 2019 to 38.1 million in 2050. Recent analyses have focused, among other issues, on pension reforms that reduce gender gaps[29], as well as policies to support the prevention of exclusion of older people and ensure they are integrated into the productive workforce[30].
Other analyses focus on how climate change exacerbates inequalities between regions and countries[31]. In the EU, it will particularly affect the Mediterranean, coastal and eastern regions, according to the European Commission’s ninth Cohesion Report[32]. The costs can amount to more than 1% of GDP each year. The same is true for LAC, where growth has generated a widening economic and spatial divide, as job opportunities and welfare are concentrated in certain areas, leaving others behind[33]. Meanwhile, small island developing states (SIDS), which include several Caribbean states, are characterised by a particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change, with extreme weather events and natural disasters occurring with greater frequency and intensity, as well as rising sea levels, warming and acidification. This poses major challenges, linked, for example, to food security and the basic infrastructure in these countries[34].
The literature also emphasises internal inequalities within countries, showing disparities between urban and rural areas, and even within metropolitan areas. For example, studies claim that major European cities will continue to advance, while rural areas and regions with CO2-dependent industries will be disadvantaged by the green and digital transition[35]. This is similar for the LAC region, where living segregated in informal parts of a city conditions people’s chances of finding employment[36].
Health is another dimension that has received increased attention in the wake of the pandemic and the consequences of climate change[37]. Recent reports show that heat-related mortality has increased, especially among the older population, the majority in Europe. Also, the population exposed to floods, droughts, storms and fire risk will increase. On air pollution, persistence between regions is affirmed, for example, as the concentration of inhalable fine particulate matter is consistently about one third higher in the most deprived regions dependent on solid fuels for heating[38].
Call for study proposals
Given these and other trends, and taking into account that there are not many studies that approach the issue of persistent and new inequalities from a comparative perspective, focusing on the regions of Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean, the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO are launching this call for proposals, with the aim of commissioning (a group of) researchers to prepare a study that analyses these trends and offers recommendations for public policies and bilateral cooperation programmes.
To participate in this call for proposals,
- Applicants must be individual researchers or form a consortium of researchers. That is to say: proposals of individual or collective authorship will be accepted;
- Applicants must be affiliated to a scientific/academic/research institution based in one of the Member States of the European Union or in one of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
- In the case of research consortia, a bi-regional composition of the consortium will be considered, although this condition in itself does not guarantee a favourable decision.
- Applicants must be able to write the study in English or Spanish.
- Applicants must have the nationality of one of the 60 member countries of the EU-LAC Foundation[1];
- Each applicant may participate with a maximum of one proposal.
- Current staff members, interns and consultants of the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO are not eligible to participate in this competition.
Rules for exclusion
Applicants will be excluded from participation in this call for applications if they:
- Are in a situation of bankruptcy, liquidation, judicial intervention or arrangement with creditors, cessation of activity or in any other similar situation resulting from a procedure of the same nature in force in national legislations and regulations;
- Have been convicted by final judgment for an offense affecting their professional honesty;
- Have committed a serious professional misconduct proven by any means that the beneficiary can justify;
- Are not up to date with the payment of social security contributions or taxes in accordance with the legal provisions of the country in which they are established, of the country of the beneficiary or of the country where the contract is to be performed;
- Have been convicted by a final judgment of fraud, corruption, involvement in a criminal organization or any other illegal activity detrimental to the Communities' financial interests;
- Are currently the subject of an administrative penalty.
Applicants will need to prove that they are not in any of the aforementioned situations at the time of sending the signed version of the contract.
In addition, those candidates will be excluded from the award of a contract who, during the contract award procedure:
- Find themselves in a situation of conflict of interest.
- Have made false declarations in providing the information required by the contracting authority in order to participate in the contract or have failed to provide such information.
[1] See: https://eulacfoundation.org/es/miembros/consejo-directivo
The documentation to be submitted in order to be considered for this call for proposals must be written in English or Spanish and consist of:
- Application Form
- Detailed proposal summary (max. 3 pages)
- Curriculum Vitae (one for each participating researcher)
The documentation should be sent in PDF or MS Word format.
Proposals will be evaluated anonymously. To ensure the integrity of the anonymous evaluations, authors should not include any indication of authorship (first and last names, e-mail, university) in the detailed outline form. This information will only be provided through the application form and CV, which will be reviewed separately.
Proposals that have been sent after the deadline, that have arrived incomplete, and in general, those that do not comply with the conditions expressed in these terms of reference will not be accepted in the call for proposals.
The deadline for submission of proposals is 6 October 2024 (23:59 CEST). Each author may submit only one proposal. Proposals received by this deadline and that meet the requirements will be considered for the competition.
Proposals should be sent to the attention of Dr Anna Barrera (EU-LAC Foundation) and Dr Pablo Vommaro (CLACSO) to the following email address [email protected]with the subject: Call for Proposals EU-LAC Comparative Study on Inequalities.
The evaluation of the proposals will be in charge of a jury formed by the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO.
The members of the jury will evaluate the proposals based on the following criteria:
- Quality of the proposal (35%)
- Theoretical and conceptual adequacy of the proposal
- Adequacy of the methodology foreseen for the topic of the proposal
- Feasibility of the proposal (can the project be carried out within the proposed schedule of the call for proposals?)
- Relevance of the proposal (35%)
- Linkage of the content of the study to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- Relevance of the research project to the EU-CELAC bi-regional agenda
- Originality of the proposal
- Transferability of the potential results of the study to policy practice
- Qualifications of applicant(s) (20%)
- Qualifications of the applicant researcher or consortium to carry out the proposed project
- Bi-regional composition and gender diversity in applicant team(s) (10%)
- In the case of an application from a consortium of researchers, its bi-regional composition will be considered an advantage.
- In the case of an application from a consortium of researchers, applications that include the participation of people of different genders or sexes (women, men, non-binary people) will be considered an advantage.
The best proposal, whose score is the highest according to the Evaluation Committee, will be selected.
The EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO anticipate a response time of about one (1) month to announce the decision. Please do not contact the EU-LAC Foundation or CLACSO regarding implementation during this period.
The results of this call are expected to be announced on 31 October 2024 on the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO websites and social media. The selected person/consortium will also be contacted via email.
After receiving notification of the selection of their proposal, the person or consortium selected will sign a service contract with the EU-LAC Foundation to carry out the study.
- In the event that an individual researcher wins the call, the EU-LAC Foundation will sign the contract with the academic institution with which this person is affiliated.
- In case a consortium of several researchers wins the call, the contract will be concluded with the academic institution of the person coordinating the consortium. The institution of the person coordinating the study will be responsible for organising the distribution of the respective shares of the total amount among the members of the consortium; the EU-LAC Foundation will not assume any responsibility in this respect.
A period of four (4) months is foreseen for the elaboration of a first draft of the study in English or Spanish (end of October 2024 - end of February 2025).
By the end of March 2025, the draft study will be submitted for discussion in a virtual forum composed of academic experts, civil society representatives and decision-makers from the LAC and EU regions.
The authors of the study will then have four (4) weeks (until 30 April 2025) to prepare the final version of the study, paying due attention to the comments received during the virtual forum.
The final work must be submitted to the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO in Spanish or English. The text should be submitted in an MS Word document, in Calibri font, size 11, with 1.5 line spacing, and a normal margin (2.5 cm for the top and bottom margins and 3 cm on the left and right). The total number of words (with spaces, excluding bibliography) must not exceed 70,000.
If the final work meets the requirements, according to the quality criteria established in the contract, the EU-LAC Foundation will translate the work into the corresponding working language (Spanish or English) and publish it digitally and physically.
The author(s) of the study will assign to the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO the right of original publication of the final work.
The views and contents of the study are the responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the views of the EU-LAC Foundation or CLACSO, or any of its members.
The proposal with the highest score according to the evaluation committee will be awarded a total amount of €8,000.00 (eight thousand Euros), including any taxes or commissions attributable to the author(s) of the study.
Payment will be made in three instalments, one of 20% at the time of signing the service contract with the winner(s), a second of 30% upon delivery of the draft study, and a third of 50% upon delivery of the final work, after a review process and the assignment of publication rights by the authors to the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO. Each payment can only be made against delivery of a valid invoice or formal ‘request for payment’ signed by the service provider, i.e. the author of the study (or leading the consortium, if applicable).
The author or a representative of the research team will be invited to present the study and discuss its implications at a Platform for multi-stakeholder Social Dialogue in the context of the CLACSO Conference to be held 9-12 June 2025 in Bogota, Colombia[1].
[1] See: https://conferenciaclacso.org/
The EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO undertake to keep all personal data strictly confidential and to respect the European Union regulations governing the protection of citizens' data (RGPD).
For their part, the authors undertake, through a declaration of honour, to guarantee the originality of the text.
The present call may be declared void.
The selection decision is final and not subject to appeal.
All questions not addressed in these rules will be resolved by the convening institutions.
Please find below the registration documents:
[1] The edition of this year’s Sustainable Development Report (2024) was written by a group of independent experts from the SDG Transformation Center, an initiative of the SDSN. It was designed with the upcoming UN Summit of the Future in September 2024 in New York in mind, with an initial chapter supported by more than 100 scientists and professionals from around the world. See: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2024/sustainable-development-report-2024.pdf
[2] https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_24_1202
[3] Brazil (2024). G20 Brazil 2024 Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet – Concept Note, p. 3. https://static.poder360.com.br/2023/12/G20-Brazil-Concept-Note.pdf
[4] OECD (2023). Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2023: Invirtiendo para un desarrollo sostenible. OECD iLibrary. https://doi.org/10.1787/20725183
[5] CEPAL (2024). América Latina y el Caribe ante el desafío de acelerar el paso hacia el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030: transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad (LC/FDS.7/3). https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/5d78ae51-ddf7-4660-bd04-fced65d36f9b/content
[6] Supra note 4.
[7] IDB (2024). Las complejidades de la desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe. https://www.iadb.org/es/noticias/las-complejidades-de-la-desigualdad-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe
[8] Eurostat (n.d.). Living conditions in Europe – income distribution and income inequality. Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_income_distribution_and_income_inequality
[9] Eurostat (n.d.). Living conditions in Europe – poverty and social exclusion. Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_poverty_and_social_exclusion#Key_findings
[10] Supra note 4, p. 73.
[11] Abramo, L. (2021). Políticas para enfrentar los desafíos de las antiguas y nuevas formas de informalidad en América Latina. CEPAL, Políticas Sociales, Serie 240. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/47406/1/S2100649_es.pdf
[12] IDB (2022). Water access in Latin America and the Caribbean: Definitions and data. https://doi.org/10.18235/0004493
[13] Eurostat (n.d.). Living conditions in Europe – housing. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_housing&oldid=569706
[14] Tabbush, C. (2021). La pandemia, una encrucijada para la igualdad de género, en: Nueva Sociedad 293, p. 93-105; Marinho, M.L., Dahuabe, A., Arenas de Mesa, A. (2023). Salud y desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe: la centralidad de la salud para el desarrollo social inclusivo y sostenible (LC/TS.2023/115). Serie Políticas Sociales 244, CEPAL. https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b816a7eb-10d7-4f37-8eba-e6cb8feb91cc/content
[15] Supra note 9.
[16] Fundación EU-LAC, ONU Mujeres para las Américas y el Caribe, Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres de México, Alianza Global por los Cuidados & CEPAL (2023). Hacia políticas y sistemas integrales de cuidados con las personas en el centro: Diálogos entre América Latina, el Caribe y la Unión Europea. https://eulacfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/ES_Informe_Cuidados_Dialogos_EULAC.pdf
[17] Herrera, G., Maia C. (2022): El derecho a migrar (y por qué el orden global ha contribuido a crear un clima de xenophobia), en: Battyány, K. y Arata, N. (eds): Hablemos de desigualdad. CLACSO, Siglo Veintinuno Editores, p. 79-97; Herrera, G. (2021). Migraciones en pandemia: nuevas y viejas formas de desigualdad, en: Nueva Sociedad 293, p. 106-116. CEPAL (2020). Desigualdad, crisis de los cuidados y migración del trabajo doméstico remunerado en América Latina. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46537-desigualdad-crisis-cuidados-migracion-trabajo-domestico-remunerado-america
[18] Telles, E., Bailey, S., Davoudpour, S., & Freeman, N. (2023). Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Latin America. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005238
[19] Rodrigo-Martín, I. (2023). El impacto del confinamiento por la COVID-19 en el curso académico. Caso de estudio: el alumnado de etnia gitana. Revista Científica de Estrategias, Tendencias e Innovación en Comunicación, (25) https://doi.org/10.6035/adcomunica.6992
[20] Guerra Torres, J.P. (2023). El resguardo de la identidad cultural de los migrantes como factor clave en la reducción de desigualdades dentro de la UE: hacia la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Revista de Estudios Europeos, (79), pp. 163-182. https://doi.org/10.24197/ree.79.2022.163-182
[21] Elizabeth Vigano, N (2023). The intersectionality of gender, race and ethnicity discrimination of women asylum seekers who are victims of gender-based violence in the EU. Special reference to the Italian situation. Deusto Journal of Human Rights (12), 229-55. https://doi.org/10.18543/djhr.2909
[22] Supra note 4.
[23] Dana C. McCoy, Jorge Cuartas, Jere Behrman, Claudia Cappa, Jody Heymann, Florencia López Bóo, Chunling Lu, Abbie Raikes, Linda Richter, Alan Stein, Günther Fink (2021). Global estimates of the implications of COVID-19-related preprimary school closures for children’s instructional access, development, learning, and economic wellbeing.
[24] BID (2024). BID y Banco Mundial: No hay tiempo que perder para abordar la crisis de aprendizaje en América Latina y el Caribe. https://www.iadb.org/es/noticias/bid-y-banco-mundial-no-hay-tiempo-que-perder-para-abordar-la-crisis-de-aprendizaje-en
[25] Supra note 4.
[26] Supra note 9.
[27] CEPAL (2022). CEPAL examina el panorama actual del envejecimiento en la región, así como los avances y desafíos para el ejercicio de los derechos y la inclusión de las personas mayores. https://www.cepal.org/es/noticias/cepal-examina-panorama-actual-envejecimiento-la-region-asi-como-avances-desafios-ejercicio#:~:text=Confirma%20que%20el%20envejecimiento%20poblacional,16%2C5%25%20en%202030
[28] Eurostat (n.d.). Population structure and ageing. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Population_structure_and_ageing
[29] Abatemarco, A., Lagomarsino, E., & Russolillo, M. (2023). Gender Pension Gap in EU Countries: A Between-Group Inequality Approach. Risks 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/risks11030063
[30] Comité Económico y Social (2023). Presente y futuro de la política europea para las personas mayores. https://www.eesc.europa.eu/es/agenda/our-events/events/presente-y-futuro-de-la-politica-europea-para-las-personas-mayores
[31] Organismo Internacional de Juventud & Banco de desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe & Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. (2024, Abril 17). Medioambiente y juventudes en América Latina y el Caribe. Serie Desafíos – Cuadernillo 3. https://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/2226
[32] Comisión Europea (2024, marzo 27). 9th Cohesion Report shows that Cohesion Policy continues to narrow the gaps in EU regions and Member States [Press release].
[33] Supra note 4, pp. 131-133.
[34] See, for example: https://climatepromise.undp.org/es/news-and-stories/pequenos-estados-insulares-en-desarrollo-cambio-climatico
[35] https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/publications/publication/did/the-future-of-eu-cohesion#detail-content-7966-4
[36] Acevedo, P. & Zanoni Lopez, W. ¿Cómo abordar la discriminación y la inclusión en las ciudades latinoamericanas? Ciudades Sostenibles BID. https://blogs.iadb.org/ciudades-sostenibles/es/discriminacion-inclusion-ciudades-latinoamericanas/
[37] Mateo Aguado Caso, Nuria del Viso Pavón, Miguel. Ángel Navas Martín, Sergio Tirado Herrero, Claudia Narocki, Álvaro Ramón Sánchez, Cristina Contreras Jiménez, Rodrigo Blanca Quesada (2022). Desigualdades Climáticas: Impactos y Responsabilidades de los eventos meteorológicos extremos. https://www.fuhem.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Dosieres-Ecosociales-Desigualddes-climaticas-Impatos-y-resonsabilidades-de-los-eventos-metereologicos-extremos.pdf
[38] Supra note 33.
